The oldest map printed in wooden blocks of the Arabian Peninsula
A stunning map of the Arabian Peninsula, the first drawing printed on wooden blocks of the area.
The map is part of Ulm's rare 1482 edition of Ptolemy's Geographie, the first atlas printed north of the Alps and the first atlas to have maps decorated in wood. The map includes 27 traditional Ptolemaic maps, one example of which is one, and five additional modern maps: Italy, Spain, France, Scandinavia, and the Holy Land. This map is the best known and most sought after of all the 15th-century maps of the area.
Ulm Ptolemy's book was innovative in that it was designed for coloring, with instructions from the publisher on how to decorate the woodblock print. The seas are colored in a rich blue color using expensive and rare lapis lazuli as a coloring agent.
The Arabian Peninsula, Arabia Felix, is at the forefront here, surrounded by the waters of the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman, and the Persian Gulf, to use its modern names. All the posters on the map are written in Latin, the language of knowledge acquired in the fifteenth century.
The islands surround the peninsula. In addition, parts of Ethiopia and Carmania, a region in Persia (modern Iran), surround the edges of the map. Cities and political units were tagged, with larger titles for water bodies and land blocks included with headings for wooden blocks in the larger block.
The boundaries of latitude and longitude form the map, an innovation in cartography that can be traced back to Ptolemy, whose influence on the history of cartography cannot be overstated.
As shown below, the first case of the map lacks the title and almost always appears with the ocean colored in brilliant Azure blue, a semi-precious stone that was ground into a fine powder, in order to create the rarest and most expensive color that was then applied by the fifteenth and sixteenth colorists. The stones from which the color is painted are usually imported from the Sar-i Sang mines in the Indus Valley and Badakhshan areas in Afghanistan. The intense blue color is due to the presence of a radical trisulphur anion in the crystal.
Early printed editions of Ptolemy's geography
Some of the most important and most numerous early printed maps in Ptolemy's editions were Geographie (Cosmographie); indeed, 31 copies of the work with maps were printed before 1600. Some of the most important and rare editions, including Ulm Ptolemy from which this map originated, were the oldest editions of the work ever printed.
The text was first published in 1475 in Venicewithout maps. An edition with the maps that followed it in 1477, was printed in Bologna. These maps were another first of their kind - they were the first copperplate maps, where the sculptor records copper, which is then inked and compressed. The Bologna edition included 25 of the 26 regional maps (map XV was missing), as well as a world map.
The second edition with maps appeared in Rome in 1478. The third edition with maps was printed in Florence in 1482. It was the first to be printed in a colloquial language, Italian. The map includes 31 maps engraved on copper plates, making it the first map of its kind to enhance the 27 traditional Ptolemaic maps with the versions of modern tables or maps. Modern maps have included maps of Italy, Spain, and France.
The next edition that included the maps was the one from which this map originated, the Ulm 1482 edition. As mentioned above, this was the first atlas printed north of the Alps, as well as the first atlas to use woodblock printing, not copperplate printing. Engraving on copper plates is an engraving method; it cuts the surface of the printing plane in order to create an impression when writing lines engraved in ink. Engraving on wood is one method of relief. The surfaces to be inked are left still, while empty areas are cut.
The Ulm edition is based on an original manuscript by Dominus Nikolaos Germanus, a German Benedictine monk who created the volume in the early 1870s. The manuscript is kept in Württemberg. The other Ptolemaic manuscripts of Germanius, of which there are five, are also likely to serve as templates for Bologna 1477 and Rome 1478.
Ulm is also important for its world maps, the oldest printed map to be signed by its creator, Johannes Schnitzer. The post was the first project of Lienhart Holle, who had previously worked as a wood engraver. He wanted the business to be big. A new type was cut for the atlas, and Hall supervised the coloring of fancy models of the printed edition. However, the cost of producing the book was a bit expensive; Holley went bankrupt after printing only one book, and his inventory was acquired by Johann Reger, who reissued the atlas in 1486.
The two states in this map
The first edition of 1482 is easily distinguished from the second edition of 1486 because there is no printed title above the map image in the upper margin. In the 1486 edition, the title reads “♦ SEXTA ♦ ASIE ♦” on the left side of the page and “♦ TABULA ♦” on the right side. In addition, the colors on the two maps differed; while the seas were blue in the 1482 edition, they were brown in 1486.
reference
Tibbits, no. 8; Shirley (1983), map 10. a. E. Nordenskiold, The Facsimile Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, reprinted (New York: Krause Reprint Company, 1961). Morty, Notes and Explanations of Variations in Cosmography 1482 and 1486. RA Skelton, Claudius Ptolemy Cosmography, Ulm 1482 (Amsterdam, 1963). map
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The second edition of the oldest woodcut map of the Arabian Peninsula
A stunning map of the Arabian Peninsula, the first drawing printed on wooden blocks of the region, in stunning contemporary handmade colors.
The map is part of Ulm's rare 1486 edition of Ptolemy's book geographyIt is the first atlas printed north of the Alps and the first atlas to contain maps decorated in wood. The map includes 27 traditional Ptolemaic maps, one example of which is one, and five additional modern maps: Italy, Spain, France, Scandinavia, and the Holy Land. This map is the best known and most sought after of all the 15th-century maps of the area.
Ulm Ptolemy's book was innovative in that it was designed for coloring, with instructions from the publisher on how to decorate the woodblock print.
The Arabian Peninsula, Arabia FelixIt is in the forefront here. It is surrounded by the waters of the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, to use their modern names. All the posters on the map are written in Latin, the language of knowledge acquired in the fifteenth century.
The islands surround the peninsula. In addition, parts of Ethiopia and Carmania, a region in Persia (modern Iran), surround the edges of the map. Cities and political units were tagged, with larger titles for water bodies and land blocks included with headings for wooden blocks in the larger block.
The boundaries of latitude and longitude form the map, an innovation in cartography that can be traced back to Ptolemy, whose influence on the history of cartography cannot be overstated.
Ptolemy in Europe in the fifteenth century
The fifteenth century is the important century for the history of cartography for two main reasons. The first is the rediscovery of Ptolemy's works by Europeans. The second, which roughly coincides with Ptolemy's return, is the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440.
Ptolemy's ideas were absent from the intellectual history of Western Europe for nearly a thousand years, despite Arab scholars interacting with his ideas from the ninth century onwards. In 1295, a Greek monk found a copy of Ptolemy in Constantinople; the emperor ordered a copy to be made and the Greek text began to spread in Eastern Europe. In 1393, the Byzantine diplomat brought a copy of geography to Italy, where it was translated into Latin in 1406 and called Cosmography. Manuscript maps were first recorded in 1415. These manuscripts, of which there are more than eighty manuscripts to date, are descendants of Ptolemy's work and a now-lost atlas consisting of a map of the world and 26 regional maps.
When Ptolemy's work was redefined by Western studies, it proved to have a radical impact on the understanding and emergence of maps. Ptolemy uses the concept of graticol, uses latitude and longitude, and directs his maps to the north - concepts we take for granted today. the Geography Company The text is concerned with three major issues regarding geography: the size and shape of the Earth; the projection of the map, i.e. how the curve of the world is proportionally represented on a flat surface; and the corruption of spatial data as it is transmitted from source to source. The text also contains instructions on how to map the world on a flat lobe or surface, completing the only set of geographical coordinates (8000 geographical names, 6400 with coordinates) to survive the classical world.
Early printed editions of Ptolemy's Geography
Some of the early printed maps were the most important and most numerous in the editions of Ptolemy's book geography (Cosmography); in fact, 31 editions of the work with maps were printed before 1600. Some of the most important and rare of these editions, including Ulm Ptolemy from which this map originated, were the oldest editions of the work ever printed.
The text was first published in 1475 in Venicewithout maps. An edition with the maps that followed it in 1477, was printed in Bologna. These maps were another first of their kind - they were the first copperplate maps, where the sculptor records copper, which is then inked and compressed. The Bologna edition included 25 of the 26 regional maps (map XV was missing), as well as a world map.
The second edition with maps appeared in Rome in 1478. The third edition with maps was printed in Florence in 1482. It was the first to be printed in a colloquial language, Italian. The map includes 31 maps engraved on copper plates, making it the first map of its kind to be added to the 27 traditional Ptolemaic maps tabular novels, or modern maps. Modern maps have included maps of Italy, Spain, and France.
The next edition that included the maps was the one from which this map originated, the Ulm 1482 edition. As mentioned above, this was the first atlas printed north of the Alps, as well as the first atlas to use woodblock printing, not copperplate printing. Engraving on copper plates is an engraving method; it cuts the surface of the printing plane in order to create an impression when writing lines engraved in ink. Engraving on wood is one method of relief. The surfaces to be inked are left still, while empty areas are cut.
The Ulm edition is based on an original manuscript by Dominus Nikolaos Germanus, a German Benedictine monk who created the volume in the early 1870s. The manuscript is kept in Württemberg. The other Ptolemaic manuscripts of Germanius, of which there are five, are also likely to serve as templates for Bologna 1477 and Rome 1478.
Ulm is also important because its world map is the oldest printed map to be signed by its creator, Johannes Schnitzer. The post was the first project of Lienhart Holle, who had previously worked as a wood engraver. He wanted the business to be big. A new type was cut for the atlas, and Hall supervised the coloring of fancy models of the printing process. However, the cost of producing the book was a bit expensive; Holley went bankrupt after printing only one book, and Johann Reger took possession of his inventory, and reissued the atlas in 1486.
The two states in this map
The first edition of 1482 is easily distinguished from the second edition of 1486 because there is no printed title above the map image in the upper margin. In the 1486 edition, the title reads “♦ SEXTA ♦ ASIE ♦” on the left side of the page and “♦ TABULA ♦” on the right side. In addition, the colors on the two maps differed; while the seas were blue in the 1482 edition, they were brown in 1486.
This map is innovative and dynamic. It is the first wooden map of the Arabian Peninsula. The book was part of a historically important atlas that was pivotal in the development of cartography in Europe during the fifteenth century and would make an important addition to any collection of Ptolemaic, Arabian Peninsula, Middle East, or early printed maps.
reference
Tibbits, lost; Shirley (1983), map 10; AE Nordenskiold, a replica of the Atlas of the Early History of Cartography, reprinted (New York: Krause Reprint Company, 1961); R.A. Skelton, Claudius Ptolemaic, Ulm 1482 (Amsterdam, 1963). map
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The Arabian Peninsula by the most important map maker in the first quarter of the 16th century
A brightly colored example of Waldseimüller's important early map of the Arabian Peninsula, from Martin Waldsemüller's 1513 edition of Ptolemy, published by Johann Schott in Strasbourg.
Waldsemüller's map of the Arabian Peninsula is a landmark in the history of cartography, which contributed to significant advances in both Renaissance geography and map printing. As can be seen from the current map, contemporary European geographic knowledge of the Arabian Peninsula was very advanced. The general outline of the peninsula is familiar to the modern eye, even if the size and frequency of the surrounding islands are somewhat exaggerated. During the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, sophisticated manuscript maps of the region prepared by Arab scholars fell into the hands of Europeans, especially through the Levantine trade that passed through Venice. These sources informed the Italian map makers, whose works eventually moved north of the Alps to be incorporated into printed maps in Germany, Alsace, and Lorraine. Specifically, this work was based on the 1320 manuscript maps of Sanuto and Visconti, updated by Nicholas Germanus in 1482 to include more cities and textual information.
This map appeared as part of the first modern atlas prepared by Martin Waldsemüller using Matthias Ringman's translation. This is one of Ptolemy's most important publications, and contains several new regional maps. Waldsemöller included twenty new maps based on contemporary knowledge, such as the present work, in addition to the 27 traditional Ptolemaic maps derived from the Ulm edition of 1482.
Martin Waldsemüller (c. 1470 - 1522) was one of the most prominent cartographers of the first great period of world exploration, yet details of his sources and personal history remain obscure. He received his education at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, and became the center of a circle of great humanists based in the Abbey of St. Dei in Alsace. Waldsemöller and his colleague Matthias Ringman produced this edition of Ptolemy, partly at the expense of Duke René of Lorraine. It was completed by Jacobus Isler and Georgios Obelin and published in Strasbourg by Johann Schott. The atlas also contained the first map in an atlas dedicated entirely to America (Tabula terre nove), often called the “Admiral's Map” after Columbus. The Atlas map of Lotharingia (the first map of the Duchy of Lorraine), printed in black, red and olive, is one of the oldest examples of color printing. This edition was reprinted in 1520 using the same wooden blocks.
The current map is an important component of any serious collection of maps of the Arabian Peninsula.
reference
Tibbits, Issue 13; Al Qasimi: The Gulf in Early Maps, p. 11.
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A rare 1525 map of the Arabian Peninsula and its environs.
An important early map of the Middle East, from the 1535 edition of Lorenz Fries's Geography, based on the works of Claudius Ptolemy. Fries was originally intended to include maps in the new Chronica Mundi book by Martin Waldsemüller, whose death around 1520 caused the project to be delayed. Instead, Freis used his woodcut maps to publish a smaller edition of Waldsemüller's “Geography”, first published by Johannes Gruninger in Strasbourg in 1522.
Lorenz (Laurent) Fries was born in Alsace inabout 1490. He studied medicine and apparently spent some time at the universities of Pavia, Piacenza, Montpellier and Vienna. After completing his education, Fries worked as a doctor in several places, before settling in Strasbourg, around 1519. While in Strasbourg, Fries met Strasbourg typist and publisher Johann Groninger, a colleague in the Saint D group of scholars formed by, among others, Walter Lode, Martin Ringman, and Martin Waldsemüller.
From 1520 to 1525, Fries worked with Groninger as a cartographic editor, taking advantage of the collection of materials created by Waldsemüller. Fries' first map-making adventure was in 1520, when he made a reduction of Martin Waldsemüller's wall world map, published in 1507. While Fries appears to have been the editor of the map, credit actually goes to Peter Appian for the title. The map is entitled “Tibus Orbis Universal Exaptolomie Cosmography Tradition e Americk Vespucci's York Lustrationis” in Pietro Appiano Lesenco Elucobrat. An.o Dni MDXX, published in Caius Julius Solinus's Enarrationes, edited by Camers, and published in Vienna in 1520.
Fries' next project was a new edition of Claudius Ptolemy's Geography, published by Johann Oberger in 1522. It is clear that Fries edited the maps, and in most cases simply produced a miniaturization of the equivalent map from Waldsemüller's 1513 edition of Geographie Opus Novissima, printed by Johann Schott. Fries also created three new maps of geography: maps of Southeast Asia, the East Indies, China, and the world, but the geography of these maps is derived from Waldsey Muller's 1507 world map.
The 1522 edition of Fries's work is very rare, indicating that the work was not commercially successful. In 1525, an improved edition was issued, with text re-edited by Wilbald Berkheimer, of Johannes Regiomontanus's notes. After Groninger's death in 1531, the work was continued by his son Christophe, who apparently sold Ptolemy's material to two publishers in Lyon, the Melchior brothers and Gaspar Trichsel, who published a joint edition in 1535, before Gaspar Trichsell published his own edition in 1541.
reference
Tibbits, missing
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The rare, vintage-colored wooden map of Münster of the Arabian Peninsula.
This remarkable Woodcut is an early Ptolemian map of the Arabian Peninsula displayed in a semi-zoidal projection with the parallels and the lines of longitude (the first lines of latitude and longitude) enumerated in the borders. The cartridge going to the sea includes the names of the local tribes, and shows the adorable mermaid. This influential map has provided the basis on which European maps have depicted the region for nearly a century.
The Arabian Peninsula covers over one million square miles and includes the modern states of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. It is one of the largest areas in the world with no navigable rivers, a circumstance that has made exploring and mapping inland areas difficult. The first map of the Arabian Peninsula printed in Europe was in Ptolemy's 1477 edition. Tiberius indicates that Ptolemy, like other early Greeks, exaggerated the length of Eurasia to the East. The distance between the Red Sea and Persia was very large, so the Arabian Peninsula was enlarged to fill the space, mainly because Ptolemy knew that the entrance to the Red Sea was very narrow; hence, he had to make the shape appropriate.
At Ptolemy's time, Greek seafarers had sailed around the Arabian coast and were familiar with the coastal cities. However, the interior remains largely unplanned until the 20th century. The northern part of the Peninsula tended to have more accurate mapping because it was closer to popular and frequently traveled lands, but the interior of Ptolemaic maps is almost entirely fictional, including mountain ranges, river systems, and lakes. Cartographic errors are a combination of comic stories told to seafarers about what lies inside and the desire to fill the void that was common in cartography prior to the eighth century.
Sebastian Münster (1488-1552) was a linguist who taught in Tübingen, Heidelberg, and Basel. He settled in Basel in 1529 and died there of the plague in 1552. Munster was a specialist in networks and was the center of a large network of scientists from whom he obtained geographical descriptions, maps, and directions.
As a young man, Munster joined the Franciscan Order, where he became a priest. He studied geography in Tübingen and graduated in 1518. Shortly afterwards, he moved to Basel for the first time, where he published Hebrew Grammar, one of the first Hebrew-language books published in Germany. In 1521, Münster moved to Heidelberg, where he continued to publish Hebrew texts and the first German books in Aramaic. After his conversion to Protestantism in 1529, he assumed the Hebrew language presidency in Basel, where he published his major Hebrew work, the two-volume Old Testament with a Latin translation.
Münster published his first known map, a map of Germany, in 1525. Three years later, he published a treatment on sundials. But it was not until 1540 that he published his first cartographic tour: Vetus et Nova, an updated edition of Ptolemy's Geography. In addition to the Ptolemaic maps, Munster added 21 modern maps. One of Munster's innovations was the inclusion of a map of each continent, a concept that would influence Abraham Ortelius and other early atlas makers in the coming decades. Geography was reprinted in 1542, 1545, and 1552.
However, Munster's masterpiece was his Cosmographia universalis. The book was first published in 1544, and reissued in at least 35 editions by 1628. It was the first German-language description of the world and contained 471 woodcuts and 26 maps in six volumes. Cosmography was widely used in the 16th and 17th centuries and many of its maps were adopted and modified over time, making Munster an influential cornerstone of geographic thought for generations.
Reference: Tibbits: No. 21
An early map of the Arabian Peninsula
An important expansion of Gastaldi's 1548 map. Who: La Geographie Claudio Tolomeo Alessandrino. Vincenzo Valgrisi: In Venice, 1561.
A great example of Gastaldi's map of the Arabian Peninsula, the Red Sea, and the Gulf, based on Claudius Ptolemy.
Giacomo Gastaldi's 1548 atlas has been called the most comprehensive atlas produced between Martin Wald Simüller's Geography of 1513 and Abraham Ortelius's 1570 Theater. Gastaldi's maps are beautifully engraved on copper, marking a turning point in the history of cartography. From that point on, the majority of cartographic works used this medium. Because it was a harder material than wood, it gave engraving the ability to provide more detail. Gastaldi has sought the most up-to-date geographic information available and is among the oldest maps obtainable to regional collectors.
Giacomo Gastaldi (1500-1566) is considered the first Italian cartographer of the 16th century, along with Paolo Orlani. His collecting skills can be compared to those of Mercator Andortelius, and yet little is known about his life than his contemporaries. Gastaldi was born in Villafranca, Piedmont, but had settled in Venice by 1539. He originally worked as an engineer, but turned to cartography from the 1540s onwards.
In Venice, he gained fame as a sculptor, geographer, and cosmographer. For example, he was asked to map Asia and Africa in the Doge's Palace, or the TeN Council, the governmental body in Venice. He also frequently consulted projects for Savi sopra la Laguna, mapping this body that oversaw the regulation of fresh and salt water around Venice.
His skill was also recognized by his contemporaries. He was appointed as a cosmographer of the Republic of Venice, was a member of the Venice Academy, and was a major source for other geographers and mapmakers including Camusio, Bertelli, Cook, Lucchini, and Ortelius. He even had his distinctive copper engraving style that made him a pioneer in his time and made his works iconic today.
Gastaldi enjoyed a particularly fruitful relationship with Giovanni Battista Ramusio, Secretary of the Venetian Senate, who used Gastaldi's maps for his famous collection of travel accounts, Navigationiet Viaggi. Gastaldi also taught Ramusio's son in cosmology.
Reference: Tibbits: No. 27
The first edition of the Ortelius map of the Turkish Empire
A great example of the Turkish Empire of Ortelius, which includes the Middle East, Turkey, and the Eastern Mediterranean from Sicily to Cyprus.
The map is based on Giacomo Gastaldi's 1561 wall map of Asia. It includes a decorative cartouche in the lower left corner decorated with latticework and lanterns. The inscription under the title reads: “Through loneliness small things grow, and through strife they collapse.” This was most likely a reference to the varied power of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century, as the Empire was at its peak at the exact time this map was published. Other decorations include four sailing ships and a sea monster in the Black Sea.
There are several other descriptions of the note on the map. One paragraph, near Akdamar Lake below the Caspian Sea, describes the different names of the lake throughout history. It is also reported that dried fish caught there are sold throughout the area. Resources and goods are important to Ortelius in relation to the Ottoman Empire. He also mentions the famous market city of Ormos, the capital of the tributary kingdom that belongs to Lusitania. It is reported near Yemen that local incense is distributed throughout the world, while aloe from Zukutara is also famous for its praise. Finally, as it represented the popularity of the myth, near the Nile, there is the inscription “Here Prester John is widely ruled, the king of all Ethiopia.”
Ortelius's map of the Turkish Empire shows the power of this great political entity. During the reign of Sultan Selim I (r. 1512 to 1520), the size of the empire tripled. Suleiman I, also known as Suleiman the Magnificent, was the tenth and longest-reigning sultan, holding power from 1520 until his death in 1566. Under his policies, the empire extended to the occupation of Belgrade, Rhodes, much of Hungary and Iraq. Suleiman I was a well-known political figure in the 16th century, and his power emanates from the area shown in this map. The Ottoman Empire would continue to expand and prosper in the seventeenth century, a continuous decline for other European empires.
The influence of this and other Ortelius maps is due to the popularity and dominance of his atlas in the European market. In 1570, Ortelius published the first modern atlas; a collection of unified maps with supporting text compiled in book form. Previously, there were other sets of border maps, specifically the Italian Lavriere atlases, but these were collections of maps — not necessarily standardized — selected and linked together upon request.
The Atlas of Ortelius Theatrum Orbis Terrarum outperformed competing atlases from other cartographic stars such as the Mercator family. Between 1570 and 1612, 31 editions of the atlas were published in seven languages.
Abraham Ortelius is probably the best known and most collected of all the map makers of the 16th century. Ortelius started his career as a cartographer. In 1547, he joined the Antwerp syndicate of Saint Lucias after that of Carten. The beginning of his career was as a businessman, and most of his trips prior to 1560 were for business purposes. In 1560, while traveling with Gerard Mercator to Trier, Lorraine, and Poitier, he seems to have gravitated, largely because of Mercator's influence, towards working as a scientific geographer. From then on, he dedicated himself to compiling his book Theatrumorbis Terrarum (Theater of the World), which would become the first modern atlas.
In 1564 he completed the “Mappemonde”, an eight-leaf map of the world. The only surviving copy of this wonderful map is in the library of the University of Basel. Ortelius also published a map of Egypt in 1565, a plan of Breitenburg Castle on the coast of the Netherlands, and a map of Asia before 1570.
On May 20, 1570, the Ortelius Orbister Rarum Theater appeared for the first time in a version of 70 maps. At the time of his death in 1598, a total of 25 editions had been published including editions in Latin, Italian, German, French, and Dutch. Later editions in Spanish and English will also be issued by Ortelius's successors, Frontius and Planten. The former added a number of maps to the atlas, the final edition of which was issued in 1612. Most of the maps in the Ortelius Theater were based on the works of a number of other map makers from around the world; Ortelius himself has provided a list of 87 authors
In 1573, Ortelius published seventeen supplementary maps under the title Aditamentum Theatri Orbis Terrarum. In 1575, he was appointed geographer to the King of Spain, Philip II, on the recommendation of Arias Montanus, who confirmed his doctrine (his family had, since 1535, fallen under suspicion of Protestantism). In 1578, he laid the foundation for a critical treatment of ancient geography through the book SynchroniaGeographica (published by the Ballantine Press in Antwerp and republished as Thesaurus Geographicus in 1596). In 1584 he published his book called Ptolemy, a Parergon (a series of maps showing ancient, holy and secular history). Later in his life, Felser also assisted in his printing of Buttinger's table (1598).
Reference: Tibbits, No. 35
This is a great example of Roselli's map on the Trapezoidal Projection from his work La Geografia di Claudio to Romeo Alessandrino. It is based on the works of Ptolemy and Giacomo Gastaldi, and depicts the Arabian Peninsula, an early empire in the largely uninhabitable Arabian Peninsula. The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca and established a new unified political system in the peninsula, which early on experienced an extended influence that extended across vast areas of Eurasia, but by the Middle Ages, the primary influence of the Arabian Peninsula was spiritual rather than political. In addition to the peninsula and its surrounding waters, parts of both Asia and Northeast Africa are included in the map.
Girolamo Roccelli (1500-1566) was an Italian cartographer, polymath, humanist, and editor, active in Venice during the early 16th century. Roselli is best known for his important review of Ptolemy's Geography, published after his death in 1574.
Claudius Ptolemy (85-165 AD), a Roman citizen of Greek origin from Alexandria, was the most influential Greek astronomer and geographer of his time. He put forward the geocentric theory of the solar system that would prevail for the next 1400 years.
Giacomo Gastaldi (c. 1500-1566) was an Italian astronomer, cartographer, and engineer from Villafranca in Piedmont. Many of Ruscelli's maps are essentially enlarged versions of some Gastaldi maps.
Reference: Tibbits: Cited Notes No. 30
Ptolemy map of ancient Arabia Felix. Based on Valgrisi's 1561 edition. The text is on the back of the left-hand page.
The publication: The Geography of the Universe, a new absolute work... October Rhodium Io. Anto. Magino Batavino..., Cologne 1597, Petrus Kishidt.
The map comes from a rare pirate edition published by Petrus Kishidt in Cologne one year after the publication of Magini's original work. Ortelius informed Magini of this matter in November 1597 and the publication was halted until 1608 when Keskedt issued a new edition. Although the map is based on Magini's geographical book of 1596, it is actually a new painting. Magini's 1596 edition of Geographiae was the first miniaturized version of Mercator's Atlas. This is the second one.
Claudius Ptolemy, better known as Ptolemy (born after 80 and died before 180 AD) made several important contributions to geography and spatial thought. He has written on many subjects, including geography, astrology, musical theory, optics, physics, and astronomy. Ptolemy collected, analyzed and presented geographical knowledge so that it could be preserved and perfected by future generations. These ideas include expressing positions by latitude and longitude, representing a spherical Earth on a flat surface, and developing the first projection of a map of equal areas. Although his book Geography has not survived to this day, it is believed that in the thirteenth century a Pisantini monk discovered and reproduced his manuscripts, including 27 maps of the then known world.
Reference: Tibbits: Cited Notes No. 49
A rare example of William Hall's 1614 map depicting the Middle East, created for Sir Walter Raleigh's World History, shows a wide geographical area. It extends from the Adriatic Sea in the west to the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf in the east, including the Black Sea in the north and the Red Sea in the south. Hall's map is decorated with his distinctive artistic taste. He skillfully describes different biblical and historical areas. Interestingly, he refers to the Arabian Peninsula as “the happy Arabian Peninsula”, probably borrowing the term from Plutarch's description of it as “the garden of happiness in the world.” In addition, the map highlights important cities of historical importance, such as Egypt, Babylon, Nenif, Saba, and others.
William Hall (c. 1588-1624)
William Hall was a skilled English engraver and cartographer from the late 16th to the early 17th century. His impressive career has spanned a collection of works of art, with a special focus on creating detailed and decorative maps, illustrations, and engravings. It is worth noting that he collaborated with Sir Walter Raleigh in “The History of the World”, in which he created a series of attractive maps that combined geographical accuracy and artistic flair. Hall's maps included decorative elements and accurately marked historical and biblical sites, earning him a reputation as an important figure in the history of cartography and engraving.
Reference: Tibbits, missing
Description of the Turkish Empire
A detailed map in copper script by Girolamaro (1520-1604), prepared to accompany the 1620 edition of Giovanni Antonio Magini's Geographie Claudius Ptolemy. This map was published by Paolo and Francesco Gallinani, Padua 1620. The map is placed on a page of text.
Giovanni Antonio Magini
Giovanni Antonio Magini (in Latin, Maginus) (13 June 1555 — 11 February 1617) was an Italian astronomer, astrologer, cartographer, and mathematician. Born in Padua, he completed his philosophy studies in Bologna in 1579. His father was Pascual Magini, a native of Padua. He devoted himself to astronomy and in 1582 wrote Ephemerides coelestiummotuum, and was translated into Italian the following year.
In 1588, he was chosen instead of Galileo Galilei to occupy the chair of mathematics at the University of Bologna after the death of Ignatio Dante. He died in Bologna.
Magini supported the geocentric system of the world, preferring the heliocentric system of Copernicus. Magini created his own planetary theory, preferring the theory of other existing planets. The Magenian system consisted of eleven rotating spheres, described in his new book Clestiumorbium theoricý congruentes cum observationibus N. Copernici (Venice, 1589).
In his De Planis Triangulis (1592), he described the use of quadrants in surveying and astronomy. In 1592, Magini Tabula published Tetragonica, and in 1606 he created highly accurate trigonometric tables. He also worked on the geometry of the sphere and the applications of trigonometry, for which he invented arithmetic devices. He also worked on the problem of mirrors and published the theory of spherical concave mirrors.
He also published a commentary on Ptolemy's Geography (Cologne, 1596).
As a cartographer, his lifetime work was the preparation of Italy or the geographical atlas of Italy (Atlante geographico d'Italia), printed by Magini's son after his death in 1620. The aim was to include maps of each Italian region with the exact nomenclature and historical notes. The project was large, as its production (started in 1594) proved costly and Magini took several additional positions in order to finance it, including working as a mathematics teacher for the sons of Vincenzo I of Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, the main sponsor of the arts and sciences. He has also served as a court astrologer. The Duke of Mantua, to whom the atlas was dedicated, assisted him in this project and allowed maps of the different Italian states to be brought to Magini. The governments of Messina and Genoa also helped Magini financially in this project. Magini didn't make any of the maps himself.
He was also interested in the pursuits that would today be considered pseudoscientific. Magini, who was a strong supporter of astrology, defended its use in medicine in his book De Astrology (Venice, 1607). Magini collaborated closely with Valentin Naybod. In this book, he published De annui temporis mensura in Directionibus and De Directionibus from the incomplete Nybod manuscript Claudi Ptolemai Quadriparty Construction Isabotlismata Comentarius Novus Eusdem Conversio Nova. He was also interested in metoboscopy.
Meet Tycho Brahe, Clavius, Abraham Ortelius, and Johann Kepler. His correspondence was edited in 1886 by Antonio Favaro.
The moon crater Maginus is named after him.
Reference: Tibbets No. 47
Carte de Trois Arabis. Tiree en Partie de L'Arabe de Nubie, in part by various other authors...
A particularly beautiful example of Sansone's influential map of the “Three Arabs”.
A rare map of the Arabian Peninsula, first published in 1654 and one of the first large maps to focus specifically on the Arabian Peninsula. Sanson's map of the Arabian Peninsula continued to influence maps of the region throughout the latter part of the seventeenth century.
The Arabian Peninsula is divided into three regions: Arabian Petrie, Arab Desert, and Arab Hurricanes. There is great detail about mountains and rivers, although there are obvious geographical errors, such as the exaggerated extension of mountain ranges. Several villages are depicted, including the stopping places during the pilgrimage to Mecca (Itharib, Badrahin, Geofa, Kedid, and others), as well as the cities that first appeared on the map of the Arabian Peninsula (Hajar, Hadramah, Salamiya, and Imamat). Bahrain has also been identified.
Jan Sommer carved the map and decorated it with a large title cartouche in the vertical style.
Nicolas Sansone was to lead to the emergence of French cartography, although the fierce competition of the Dutch continued until the end of the century. Its success is due in part to the partnership with publisher Pierre Mariette. In 1644, the latter bought the Melchior Tavernier company, and Sansone assisted with financial support in the production of maps. In 1657 Pierre Mariet died, but his son, also named Pierre, co-published Les Cartes Générales de toutes les partes du Monde the following year. It was the first paper world atlas produced by France.
Nicolas Sanson-d'Abéville (1600—67) was probably the greatest cartographer in France in the seventeenth century — a period of political rise for France in Europe and also a period in which French cartographers displaced the Dutch as pioneers in the making of maps in Europe.
As a young man, he attracted the attention of Cardinal Richelieu and, over time, became the geographer ordinaire du roi for Louis XIII and Louis XIV, both of whom received a personal education in geography. During the reign of Louis XIII, Sansone became Minister of State. Sanson became known as the “father of French cartography”, and his influence was so great that the sinusoid projection he used became known as the “Sanson-Flamsteed projection”, while recognizing Sanson's influence (Flamsteed was an English astronomer from 1675 until his death in 1719).
References: Tibbets: Mr. 98; Ankara, pp. 98, 60. Couto, 61. Pastoro, Sansone V [6]
The engraved map from 1680, named Nova Tutius Arabia Fuelisi and Pterai et Desert Desertétiu, prepared by Jacob van Moers is evidence of the complex art of cartography, providing a detailed and accurate view of the Arabian Peninsula.
This map is a copy of De Wit's map (1666?) where the impressive depth of geographical details displayed in the map illustrates De Wit's dedication to accuracy. This was further enhanced by the inclusion of two distinct cartridges, namely ships sailing the seas, and a stunning depiction of an Arab geographer engaged in the accurate measurement of distances using a compass splitter.
A prominent feature of the map is the lower right cartouche, which shows a woman wearing clothes with her hair wrapped in a top knot, presenting Oroborus to an Arab or Ottoman man, leaning on a stone bearing the map's title. In her other hand, she holds a disc. Its presence, initially mysterious, can be explained symbolically. The Oroporus, a snake that eats its tail, is a powerful symbol of periodicity, immortality, and constant change. Thus, her display of this logo, while holding a tablet in her other hand, indicates a representation of time itself. In this metaphorical reading, you can convey a prophecy to the skeptical Muslim ruler: recognizing the ancient roots of the region while also hinting at the inevitability of future change.
In this way, the map not only provides a geographical overview of the Arabian Peninsula in the late seventeenth century, but also weaves a symbolic narrative of time and transformation, bringing additional layers of historical and cultural significance to this already impressive map.
Reference: Tibbits: No. 137
The book “The River of Victory” on Christmas 1
Surat Al-Mashya is for Tibetan, the popular and continuous biography and the costume in Beirut. 9 minutes.
Surat Al-Bitrah, Malakiya Arabic, Malamiya, Mammudiyah, Malamiya, Masumiya, Mecca, Masmoumiyya, Mecca, Masmoudiyah, Mecca, Masmoudiyah, Arabic Masmoudiyah, Masmoudiyah, Arabic Masmoudiyah, Surat Al-Ma'amiya, Surat Al-Arab.
Katah
Surat Al-Rabie is from the surah of King Abdulrahman Abdulrahman.
The “Qatar” party in Hayyet Tahrir al-Sham, Egypt, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Kuwait, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Kuwait, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Kuwait, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tunisia “Egypt” in Egypt “Egypt”, “Algeria”, “Arab Countries”, “Oat”, “Libya”, “Doha”.
No, progress of work, Beirut, Tunisia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Map of the Arabian Coast, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf. The Terre de la Carte de la Ocean Oriental, published in 1740, by order of the master Comte de Maurepas. Enhanced with special observations and a summary of astronomical observations”
Who: General history of trips[previous]. Didot: Paris, 1746.
An antique copper-engraved map of the Arabian Peninsula, by Jacques Nicolas Bellin (1703-72), engraved by J.V. Schley.
The map extends from Alexandria in Egypt to Persia.
The map shows the territorial divisions of the Arabian Peninsula: Hijaz, Mecca, Tihama along the Red Sea coast, Bahrain, Muscat in the east, and Yemen in the south.
A beautiful decorative cartridge and explanations of the symbols used on the right side.
A compass that shows the eight main directions.
reference:
Tibbits: No. 267
The origin of the map is:”The modern part of world history... ”, Prepared by Basir Ishaq. Posted by Richardson Sons and Company, London (UK)
Arabic map...
A detailed copper-engraved map of the area by Rigobert Boone,. This map was published in Paris by Latter, around 1771. Rigobert Bonn (1727-1794) was an influential French cartographer of the late eighteenth century. Born in the Lorraine region of France, Bonn came to Paris to study and practice cartography. He was a skilled cartographer and hydrographer and succeeded Jacques Nicolas Belin as the Royal Hydrographer at the Repository de la Marine in 1773. An attractive cartridge.
Jean Latter
Jean Lattre (1700? - 1780?) was based in Paris at 20 rue Saint Jacques. He was a bookseller, engraver, calligrapher, Croat maker and map publisher, who published a wider range of cartographic interests with several prominent French sculptors, including Zanoni, Delamarche, Janvier and Bonn. He has also worked with the London-based cartographer William Fadden and Santorini. He was also known for suing his French colleague Desnos and Santorini for copying his work. Later Latter moved to Bordeaux with his family.
Rigobert Boone
Rigobert Bonn (6 October 1727 — 2 September 1794) was a French cartographer who is widely regarded as one of the most important cartographers of the late eighteenth century.
In 1773, Bon Jacques succeeded Nicolas Bellenas as the Royal Cartographer of France in the Hydrographic Office of Depôtde la Marine. Boone, acting in his official capacity, compiled some of the most detailed and accurate maps of the period. Boone's work represents an important step in the evolution of cartographic ideology away from the decorative works of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries towards a more detail-oriented and practical aesthetic. In terms of terrain presentation, Bonn's maps bear many stylistic similarities to those of his predecessor, Belen. However, Bonnemaps generally abandon such decorative features common in the eighteenth century as hand coloring, elaborate decorative cartridges, and compass roses.
While Boone's work focuses mostly on coastal areas, he is highly regarded for its detail, historical importance, and overall aesthetic appeal.
إنها خريطة عتيقة أصلية ذات إطار زخرفي متقن وألوان يدوية أصلية وطية مركزية عند إصدارها. تم توثيق الخريطة جيدًا في الخرطوشة التي تنص على أنها من إعداد السيد بريون [لويس بريون دو لا تور]، المهندس الجغرافي للملك [فرنسا] الذي نشره ديسنوس في باريس بتاريخ 1766 على الخريطة. نُشرت الخريطة بعد ذلك بقليل في الأطلس العام والمدني والجامعي والعسكري، الطبعة الثالثة (باريس: ديسنوس، 1772).
Decorative map of the Arabian Peninsula.
Detailed map of Saudi Arabia, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Gulf of Aden.
“Golfo Persico” was named, as were “I Baharim” and “I Samak” (Bahrain and Qatar).
There is excellent topographic detail. Thecartouche features a smoking incense burner, a cactus and a palm tree. The Zata map is one of the most decorative atlas maps in the Arabian Peninsula published in the late eighteenth century.
Antonio Zata (b. 1757-1797) was a prominent Italian editor, cartographer, and publisher. Little is known of his life beyond several of his surviving published works. He was probably born as early as 1722 and lived until late 1804. He lived in Venice and his business flourished between 1757 and 1797. He is best known for his atlas, Atlantis Novissimo (1779-1785), and for his prolific production of meticulously crafted and aesthetic prints and books. It is clear that Zata had a large network from which to extract information. This is how he was able to publish his first glimpse of the islands that Captain Cook visited in Atlante Novissimo. Zata has also published books on plays and architecture.
Copper-engraved map of the Arabian Peninsula by Jean-Baptis-Louis Clouet.
It was published in Paris in 1787. Who: Modern geography with an introduction.
On both sides of the map are detailed information about several ports and geography in the Arabian Peninsula.
Jean-Baptiste Louis Clouet (approximately 1730 - 1790) was a map maker with buildings in both Paris and Cadiz. He was eventually appointed as the Royal Geographer by the Academy of Sciences in Rouen. Although he made several extensive wall maps, he is best known for Geographie Moderne (1776-93).
Turkey and Asia Persian and Arabic
Old map of Asian Turkey, the Arabian Peninsula, and Persia. The work is marked by the publisher.
Painter: V. Monin, a French geoengineer active in Paris in the early part of the nineteenth century. He is a member of the French Society of Geography and the author of atlases for school use.
Publisher: Binet, a publisher active in the early part of the nineteenth century in Paris, with headquarters at 34 Rue Aubry le Boucher. It publishes atlases for school use.
Old map taken from the Atlas”World Atlas of Ancient and Modern Geography adopted in the role of education”, published for school use in Paris around 1835 by the publisher Binet.